Elevated signaling through the OSM/OSMR axis induces high levels of an ‘inflammatory module’, which includes IL-6, CCL2, IL-1, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11—all of which have been implicated in migration, invasion, therapy failure, and dedifferentiation to a cancer stem cell (CSC) program. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and cancer.