One early report [37] showed that WNV triggers three major UPR pathways, inositol-requiring enzyme 1-dependent splicing of X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA, activation of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and protein kinase R-like ER kinase-dependent eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation in human neuroblastoma cells and primary rat hippocampal neurons. This evidence concerns the gene ATF6 and neuroblastoma.