HMGB1 and ischemia: In the present study, administering PEP-1-PEBP1 ameliorated ischemia-induced release of HMGB1 in the spinal cord compared to that in the PEP-1 peptide- or control-PEBP1-treated groups, suggesting that inhibiting HMGB1 release may be one of the mechanisms for PEBP1 to reduce neuronal damage induced by ischemia.