IL4 and tick-borne encephalitis: In contrast, a study of children (n = 22) with TBE, which correlated the levels of 16 cytokines and chemokines and 5 markers of neuronal damage in CSF with long-term outcomes, suggested that the mechanism underlying the central nervous system pathology and TBE sequelae is related to the degree of inflammation in CNS and that high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 in CSF during acute illness might indicate a risk for incomplete recovery in childhood TBE [27].