IBD patients displayed a mucosal pro-inflammatory profile compared with HCs, with higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-10 and IL-33 (p < 0.01), TNF-α and IL-18 (p < 0.001), and IL-1β (p < 0.0001) (Figure 1). Here, IL18 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.