INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Targeting the adrenergic overdrive from this chronic norepinephrine excess in HFD-induced obesity with carvedilol, a third-generation beta-blocker agent with additive α1-adrenoceptor antagonizing action [35, 36], blunted hepatic glucose overproduction by suppressing the induction of gluconeogenic enzymes and increased the muscular insulin signaling pathway.