Imai et al. analyzed the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on tumor cells and APCs in malignant ascites from epithelial ovarian cancer patients (31), and found differential PD-L1 expression in tumor cells between patients with high or low PD-1-expressing CD4+ T cells (43.9 and 27.3%, respectively), while no difference in PD-L1 expression was observed between patients with high and low PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells (34.1 and 27.3%, respectively). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.