DDR1 and prostate carcinoma: It works through targeting GRP78, a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, in prostate cancer cells to induce apoptosis and increase sensitivity to trichostatin A, the histone deacetylase inhibitor (36); through GSK-3β in renal cell cancer cells to decreases cell proliferation (37); through a receptor tyrosine kinase DDR1, to suppress invasiveness and migratory ability of colorectal cancer cells (38); through the mTOR and CD44 to increase sensitivity to cisplatin treatment and to reduce the number of ovarian cancer stem cells (39, 40).