AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: An independent cohort that included 72 individuals was recruited for validation (Table 1), included AFP+HCC (n = 15), AFP–HCC (n = 27), HBG (n = 14), and healthy controls (n = 16), and the mean age were 59.71 ± 6.96, 57.23 ± 5.90, 55.86 ± 4.99, and 56.4 ± 4.687, respectively.