NPM1 and acute myeloid leukemia: Several predictors for transformation have been identified and include mutations of genes in growth signaling pathways (NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, FLT3), mutations in genes more commonly observed in AML (NPM1, WT1, IDH2), and certain cytogenetic abnormalities (monosomy 7, complex karyotype, loss of 17p).