For example, independent clinical studies conducted with an IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) or IL-1β-specific antibody (canakinumab) have demonstrated beneficial effects on metabolic parameters including decreased HbA1c and enhanced insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretory function, with concomitant improvement in inflammatory markers in diabetes (37, 38) and significantly reduced recurrent cardiovascular events (39). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.