CXCL1 and infection: This protective effect was achieved by the mechanisms include (i) the increasing LPS-induced CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 production and the recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells (29), (ii) sustaining physiological ratio of inflammatory to anti-inflammatory genes (30), and/or (iii) precluding the development of immune tolerance, and thus accordingly responding to subsequent infection.