KIR3DL1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Tumor cells induce the upregulated expression of KIRs on NK cells; for example, the expression of KIR2DL2 and HLA-C1 is significantly elevated in breast cancer patients (43); KIR2D (L1, L3, L4, and S4) and KIR3DL1 are expressed on tumor cells and TILs from non-small cell lung cancer patients, and patients without expression of KIR2D (L1, L3, L4, and S4) or KIR3DL1 on their tumor cells or TILs exhibit extended overall survival (44).