It was demonstrated that HSP72 and HSP105 expressed on the surface of tumor-derived EVs promoted DCs to produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α) in a TLR2- and TLR-4–dependent manner (Shen et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and neoplasm.