In vivoHepa1-6 and autochtonous hepatocellular carcinoma (ectopic, orthotopic, carcinogen-induced) modelsAFP-EVs activated efficient tumour antigen-specific immune response that causes:↑ retardation of tumour growth;↑ overall survival.AFP-EVs reshaped tumour immune microenvironment:↑ IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells;↑ levels of IFN-γ and IL-2;↓ CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells;↓ levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.