Ex vivoSAV-LA-EVs + biotinylated CpG-DNA → CpG-EVsDC2.4/CpG-EVs – ↑ synthesis of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40; ↑ tumour antigen presentation.In vivoB16BL6 melanoma modelCpG-EVs vaccination (ID or IT) resulted in ↑ antitumour immune response as compared with EVs+CpG-DNA:Prophylactic settings – 3.7 times ↑ retardation of tumour growth.Therapeutic settings – 3.3 times ↑ retardation of tumour growth.Survival – 10 days ↑.Number of lung metastases – 6 times ↓. Here, TNF is linked to melanoma.