Tumor cell-derived EVs were shown to be indirectly (see Loading of EVs with NA) modified with the DC-targeted/-activating molecule CD40L (Wang et al., 2014), the Rab27a molecule that takes part in exosome secretion (Li et al., 2013), the shRNA silencing immunosuppressive TGF-β1 (Huang et al., 2017), or degraded cytosolic DNA (Diamond et al., 2018), as well as the pH-sensitive GALA-peptide that contributes to the endosomal release of EVs into the cytosol of DCs (Morishita et al., 2017) or the immunostimulatory CpG DNA (Morishita et al., 2016). Here, CD40LG is linked to neoplasm.