S100B and kidney disorder: Previous research demonstrated that resolution of kidney disease in persons with HIVAN does not necessarily correlate with clearance of viral RNA from the kidney15, and the HIVAN phenotype in animal and in vitro models does not require viral replication and is recapitulated by expression of the HIV vpr and nef genes, which induce dysregulation of cellular processes including intracellular signaling, innate immune activation, cell death, and cell cycle16,18–22.