Application to ccRCC would be especially important given our identification of a subset of ccRCC tumors that are predicted or shown to be immune checkpoint/VEGF non-responders (Beuselinck et al., 2015; Maroto et al., 2017) that may benefit from therapies that activate anti-tumor T cell expansion (Naing et al., 2018) or combinatorial therapeutic approaches, such as concurrent cell-cycle checkpoint and mTOR inhibition. Here, MTOR is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.