PtdOH also regulates nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling83 and is an intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.17 Interestingly, nuclear PLD1 in vascular smooth muscle cells is activated by cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors via PI3K, PKCζ and/or RhoA pathways, but not by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.93 Whether nuclear PLD2 and PLD143 in PCa cells is regulated similarly is as yet unknown. Here, PLD1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.