PtdOH also regulates nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling83 and is an intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.17 Interestingly, nuclear PLD1 in vascular smooth muscle cells is activated by cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors via PI3K, PKCζ and/or RhoA pathways, but not by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.93 Whether nuclear PLD2 and PLD143 in PCa cells is regulated similarly is as yet unknown. The gene discussed is PLD2; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.