C3AR1 and Sepsis: In addition, recent studies have found that the Cpb1–C3–C3aR pathway can serve as a novel diagnostic markers and effective therapeutic target for early stage sepsis; carboxypeptidase b1 (Cpb1) has been identified as a novel mediator of caspase-11 expression in macrophages by using CRISPR–Cas9-mediated genome-wide screening, and Cpb1 has been shown to mediate subsequent caspase-11-dependent cell death [123].