Genes involved in spermatogenesis, such as PIWIL2, CAPN11, UBQLN3, GGN, SPATA3, SPACA4, SPATS1, and protamines PRM1 and PRM2 were significantly downregulated in patients with CAIS compared to men with normal spermatogenesis (Figure 6). The gene discussed is SPACA4; the disease is complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.