Genes involved in spermatogenesis, such as PIWIL2, CAPN11, UBQLN3, GGN, SPATA3, SPACA4, SPATS1, and protamines PRM1 and PRM2 were significantly downregulated in patients with CAIS compared to men with normal spermatogenesis (Figure 6). This evidence concerns the gene PRM2 and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.