In particular, interstitial cells (Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, liver endothelial cells, and liver stellate cells) and immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., IL-10 or TGF-β) may contribute to the immunosuppressive environment of HCC, and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays an important role in the development of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in HCC. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.