TNF and Arthritis: The presence of TNF-α induces impeded osteoblast differentiation and enhanced osteoclastic differentiation and thus mediates phenotypes of bone loss in multiple scenarios.190 The negative effect of TNF-α on bone maintenance is at least partially mediated by autophagy.192 In a model of arthritis, TNF-α induced increased expression of Atg7 and Beclin-1, which led to enhanced osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorption activities.169