The role for IL-1 in promoting Th1 responses is less clear but has been reported in the context of autoimmunity.29 Indeed, excessive IL-1 signalling may indirectly lead to enhanced Th1 responses.29 In order to further dissect the mechanisms of action of α-GalCer in comparison with CT in the induction of Th1 responses, we analysed the requirement for IL-17R and IL-1R signalling after immunisation with WC H. pylori antigen adjuvanted with α-GalCer or CT. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Autoimmunity.