USP7-binding TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) E3 ubiquitin ligases are essential components of antiviral signaling, They are initiated by a variety of infection-sensing molecular pattern recognition receptors that activate innate immune signaling pathways, leading (in part) to IRF3/7 and NF-κB activation-mediated induction of type I interferons (alpha interferon [IFN-α] and IFN-β) that are critical for host cell defense against infection (43, 44). This evidence concerns the gene USP7 and infection.