RT-qPCR showed that the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β) and the chemokine (MCP-1) mRNAs were significantly increased at 4 and 24 h after ischemia, and their increases were profoundly inhibited by CD147 inhibition (Fig. 1d). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and ischemia.