TNF and ischemia: It has been reported that at both 6 and 22 h after cerebral ischemia, activated splenocytes from ischemia-injured mice produce significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) compared to splenocytes from non-ischemic mice [1].