To investigate the role of neuroinflammation with respect to ALS with TDP-43 pathology, we first investigated the presence of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the primary motor cortex Brodmann area 4 of normal controls, ALS cases, and ALS-FTLD cases with TDP-43 pathology (Fig. 1A’, A”; Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.