TNF and colitis: SEB but not LPS strongly induced T-bet transcription factor expression in both myeloid [mDC] and plasmacytoid DC [pDC], and those DC expressing T-bet produced less TNF-α and more IFN-α, cytokines with opposing roles in colitis.13,18–20 In pDC, overall TNF-α production was suppressed by SEB, whereas in mDC the reduced levels in T-bet+ DC were counterbalanced by increased TNF-α in T-bet– cells.