Similarly, significant difference was found in Exo-PD-L1 between NSCLC patients and healthy controls (1.84 ± 0.72 pg/mg exosomal protein) with a median concentration of 3.02 ± 1.67 pg/mg exosomal protein for I-II NSCLC and 5.17 ± 3.16 pg/mg exosomal protein for III/IV NSCLC) (Fig. 3b). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.