AR and neoplasm: Recently, numerous preclinical studies have validated the use of AR modulation in limiting cell proliferation, growth on soft agar, and tumor initiation in vivo [14, 15, 18–20] and there are ongoing clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of AR antagonists in ER-negative breast cancer (NCT00468715, NCT03055312, NCT03090165, NCT02605486 for bicalutamide, NCT02750358, NCT02689427, NCT01889238, NCT02457910 for enzalutamide, respectively).