APOL1 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: It has been shown that two coding variants of the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene, G1 and G23,4, predispose African Americans to a range of kidney diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertension-attributed ESRD, sickle cell nephropathy, and lupus nephritis (LN)-associated ESRD (LN-ESRD)3–7.