TP53 and neoplasm: Based on the data from this study and the above literature related to the mechanisms of the anti-tumor and cancer glucose metabolism effects, we propose that rFIP-nha induces A549 cell apoptosis at least partially by modulating the multifaceted roles of p53, which then inhibits glycolysis and facilitates the TCA cycle, OXPHOS, and other metabolic pathways (Figure 5).