Of these 28 inflammatory mediators, significantly higher levels of seven cytokines were found in the moderate CDI group when compared with the mild CDI group: GM-CSF (p = 0.0106), IL-1β (p = 0.004), IL-8 (p = 0.0098), IL-12p70 (p = 0.0118), INF-α (p = 0.0282), IL-15 (p = 0.0015), and IL-2 (p = 0.0031) (Table 3, Figure 1). Here, CXCL8 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.