Cortical TGF-β1 mRNA levels in AD patients correlated positively with the degree of cerebral amyloid angiopathy but inversely with the deposition of Aβ in plaques [108], indicating differential effects of TGF-β on Aβ deposition in cerebral vessels and brain parenchyma. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cerebral amyloid angiopathy.