Our data further showed increased percentages of apoptotic Annexin-V+ HIV-1-specific CD4 T-cells in PHI and CHI subjects when compared to patients under ART (36.8 ± 6.1, 42 ± 10.9 and 16.2 ± 5.9, respectively; P = 0.0022) (Fig 7C). Here, CD4 is linked to congenital isolated hyperinsulinism.