In mice, ER-α mediates protective effects of estrogen in response to vascular injury and atherosclerosis.45,46 In endothelial cells, ER-α has been shown to activate endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelial proliferation, and migration, and promotes carotid artery re-endothelialization.47,48 Mouse models have also demonstrated an important role of ER-β in the regulation of vascular function and blood pressure 49 while loss of GPER action augments endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction and promotes atheroma formation and inflammation.50 The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is atherosclerosis.