We transplanted primary AML samples into NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1WjlTg (CMV-IL3,CSF2,KITLG)1Eav/MloySzJ (NSGS) mice35 and established eleven PDXs for human AML with robust repopulating ability. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.