fragilis is capable of inducing Th-17-mediated colitis [81] and distal colorectal cancers in the APCmin mouse model in a manner dependent on IL17 mediated up-regulation of NF-κb, as demonstrated by Chung et al. [82] who observed repressed BFT-induced tumour formation in APCmin IL17/IL17 mice. This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and neoplasm.