From a mechanistic perspective, Abdulamir et al. [60] observed a higher expression of Nf-KB and IL-8 mRNA in tumour tissues from individuals seropositive for Sg antibodies versus Sg negative patients, suggesting the Sg exposure induces a pro-inflammatory state, which may be a driver of cell turnover and is thus tumour promoting. Here, NFKB1 is linked to neoplasm.