TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: As shown in Figure 5J–L, the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in the bleomycin-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model were higher than those in the control group, while RC28-E treated mice showed a significant reduction in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner.