TGFB1 and cancer: Among several developmental signaling pathways broadly implicated in cancer, such as Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Wnt and Notch signaling, the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways are notable for their partially overlapping effects on the tumor microenvironment, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion and emergence of drug resistance in NSCLC [10].