TNF and cancer: In order to further comprehend the roles of the miRNA-mRNA pairs in CS-induced lung cancer, we selected 95 dysregulated target mRNAs of the 6 CS-related miRNAs and found that they are involved in several cancer-related signaling pathways including TNF signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, and so on.