SHH and glioblastoma: Yao et al. (2014) demonstrated that recombinant SHH induces activation of AKT as well as ERK1/2. Activation of the SHH signaling pathway induced migration through the induction of AKT-mediated activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both glioblastoma and liver cancer cells (Chen et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2015).