Furthermore, we show that lysosome destabilization by lysosomotropic agent LLME (LeuLeuOMe) also causes a reduction in ATP level along with activation of caspase 1 and inhibition of the cathepsin L activity, which are similar to that observed with AF further supporting that the mitochondria and lysosomal injury in AF action on ARPE-19 cells (Figure 2). Here, CASP1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.