PGK1 and neoplasm: PGK1 promotes tumor cell invasion by activating the AKT and ERK pathways40, whereas ERK not only induces phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of PGK1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 phosphorylation41 but also activates casein kinase 2α to phosphorylate nuclear PGK1 at S256, phosphorylated PGK1 binds to the kinase cell division cycle 7, and converts ADP to ATP42.