To elucidate the molecular mechanism of NgR in the migration and invasion of GBM cells through the TGFβ1 signaling pathway, the expression and localization of several genes related to the regulation of NgR as well as the EMT signaling cascade were examined by confocal microscopy (Supplementary Fig. 4 and Fig. 4). Here, TGFB1 is linked to glioblastoma.