We observed increased expression of nuclear NFAT5 in both GDM-D (2.8-fold; p < 0.003) and GDM-I (2.5-fold; p < 0.0001), but cytosolic NAFT5 was not elevated in the GDM placentas when compared to controls (Fig. 3b, c). This evidence concerns the gene NFAT5 and gestational diabetes.