Oncomine microarray gene expression datasets were initially analyzed across different types of clinical breast cancers for the expression of genes encoding HBP enzymes, including GFAT, glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1 (GNPNAT1), phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), and UAP1, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer pathogenesis associated with enhanced HBP flux23,24. Here, PGM3 is linked to breast carcinoma.