UBA3 and infection: Our data show that Neddylation genes such as APPBP1 (2.78-fold), UBA3 (5.49-fold), UBC12 (2.31-fold) and SUMOylation genes such as SAE1 (4.69-fold), SAE2 (3.12-fold), UBC9 (2.22-fold), SUMO1 (6.36-fold) were significantly upregulated as early as the 2-h time point after infection (Supplementary Fig. S2a, b).