HP and lung cancer: Considering a high serum level of Hp in both female patients with lung cancer or CAP and a significant decrease of serum Trx1 level in female patients with CAP, but the increasing tendency of serum Trx1 level as a function of the progress of lung carcinoma in the female patients, taken together, these observations suggested that serum Trx1 can be used as not only a novel pneumonia biomarker applicable to female patients, but also as a combinational marker with Hp for the specific diagnosis of female patients with lung carcinoma.