IFNG and HIV infectious disease: The early phase of HIV infection is characterized by Th1 predominant cytokines such as IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) with the late phase characterized by a shift in Th1 to Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, TNF-α, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 6, and 8) [17].