TGFB1 and cancer: Meanwhile, TGF-β1 acts as a strong factor in inducing EMT and promoting cancer.[37, 38] As the EMT progresses, E-cadherin is suppressed either directly or indirectly.[39] We expected to observe a higher N-cadherin concentration in 3D when cell-to-cell interaction induces TGF-β1 that induces EMT.