Strikingly, the two top upstream regulators in TB monocytes, IRF1 and STAT1 (Figure 5a, top panel), were the only genes in common between the TB monocyte gene signature (Berry et al., 2010), the ‘IL6/STAT3 pathway’ and the ‘in vivo IFN-β” signature (Figure 5a, Venn diagram, bottom panel), suggesting these genes might be regulated by both IL-6 and type I IFN during active TB in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene IRF1 and tuberculosis.