IRF1 and tuberculosis: The ‘type I IFN’ signature found in active TB (Berry et al., 2010), shared with the IL-6/IL-6R-regulated gene set (Figure 5), comprises a number of well-characterized ISGs with cross-species antiviral activity such as IRF1 and OAS. It has been reported that these ISGs have been undergoing strong purifying selection during primate evolution (Manry et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2017), including recent Neanderthal introgression (Enard and Petrov, 2018; Quach et al., 2016).